Demodulating systems for color television



Jan. 29, 1957 R. ADLER Erm.

DEMODULATING SYSTEMS FOR coLo'R TELEVISION Original Filed May 18. 1953 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 46 l From Color Refer. I Generator 33 l ll From Bond- H E Pass Flher l5 l T 9| l i: l IFrom Color/ i Refer Gen 33\ 92 21:2 I g B+ l I ROBERT ADLER JOHN I .RENNIoK INVENTORS. rma

THEIR ATTORNEY.

Jan. 29, 1957 R, ADLER ETAL` 2,779,818

DEMODULATING SYSTEMS F'OR COLOR TELEVISION Original Filed May 18, 419515 5 Sheets sheet 5v |00 'O8 "o To Image From Color IO? Reproducer Reference Geh. 33)

From Band-Pass/ Filter l5 To Image Reproducerg I23 l0' To Image From Color |'4\ Reproducer 2 o Reference Gen. 33

nef/:z: "9

|24o From BaJnd-Pass B+ Ffef l5 "5 H2 l E E (B+ FIG. 4

. v "go Ima e +0 BPIO UCSF 2O i9- ,34 ,35 |3o B-Y ll 4s 4?v Q Q B+ y To Image -I |37 Y Reproducer g2 l i'. |40 |32 |36 +1 +r +Q I B+ 66 67 ROBERT ADLER '39 JOHN LRENNmK B+ To moge INVENTORS.

Reproducer l |33 R Y Q HG. 5 B+ THEIR ATTORNEY.

United States Patent O DEMODULATING SYSTEMS FOR COLOR i TELEVISION Robert Adler, Northfield, and John L. Rennick, Elmwood Park, Ill., assignors to Zenith Radio Corporation, a corporation of Illinois Continuation of application Serial No. 355,476, May 18, 1953. This application May 2, 1955, Serial No. 505,476

Claims. (Cl. 17E-5.4)

This is a continuation of an application of Robert Adler and John L. Rennick, now abandoned, Serial No.` 355,476, tiled May 18, 1953, and assigned to the same assignee as the present application.

This invention pertains to anew and improved de modulating system and is particularly directed to a demodulating system adapted for use in a color television` receiver. Although the invention is generally applicable to dot sequential or simultaneous color television systems,

it is particularly valuable when employed in connection with a color television transmission of the general type currently proposed by the National Television System Committee 'and will be described in that environment.

In the color television system proposed by the National Television System Committee,V commonly referred to as the NTSC system, the color and luminance information pertaining to a scanned image are segregated and transmitted as individual signals interleaved within Ia portion of the frequency spectrum. At the transmitter, three color f image signals representative of a scanned image are combined in `a fixed ratio to form a luminance or monochrome signal. At the same time, a plurality of color difference signals are developed, each individually corresponding to the amplitude difference between one of the color image signals and a predetermined portion of thebrightness n signal, that predetermined portion presently being estab?` A system of lished as the complete brightness signal.

this basic type is described in the copending application of John L. Rennick, Serial No. 215,761, filed March l5,

1951, and assigned to the same assignee as `the present' application. The color difference signals represent the hue and saturation values of the color components ineluded in the image, whereas the luminance signal represents the light and shade values of the image. Although.

the ultimate transmission standards have not as yet been established, it is generally considered that the monochrome signal and the essential information representing 2,779,5l8 Patented `lari. 29, 195? conform to thestandardized terminology. Some of the more frequently used terms are as follows:

Carrier color signal: The sidebands of the modulated color subcarrier (plus the color subcarrier, if not suppressed) which are added to the monochrome signal to convey color information.

Color burst, or Color sync signal: That portion ofthe composite color signal comprising the ew sine-wave cycles of color subcarrier frequency (and the color burst pedestal, if present) which is added to the horizontal pedestal for synchronizing the color-carrier ref-` erence` signal. Color carrierreference signal, or Color reference signal: A continuous signal having the same frequency as the color subcarrier and having fixed phase with respect to the colorburst. This signal is used for the purposes of modulation at the transmitter and demodulation at the receiver.

,Color difference` signal: An electric signal which, when added to the monochrome signal, produces a signal representative of one of the tristimulus values (with respect to a stated set of primaries) of the transmitted color.

lComposite color signal: The color picture information including blanking and all synchronizing signals.

Luminance signal, or Monochrome signal: A signal wave which is intended to have exclusive control of luminance picture.

MatrixzAn electrical network for additively combining a plurality of electrical signals. (This `is a limited definition not conforming to the standardized NTSC terminology.)

In vconventional color television `receivers for use in `theNTSC system, the carrier color signal is applied to two demodulators, wherein it is heterodyned with selected phase components of a locally generated color reference signalto develop the two color difference signals utilized at the transmitter in forming the carrier color signal.

Usually, these two color difference signals correspond to in a predetermined ratio to form the desired third color only two of the color difference signals will be transmitted, since the third color difference signal may then be derived at the receiver, due to the fixed mathematical relationship existing between` the `monochrome signal and each of the color difference signals. The color differencef signals employed to develop the transmitted composite color signal need not necessarily be referred to the pri,-`

mary colors employed in the original analysis of the image at the transmitter; in at least one proposed modi-` fication of the basic system the transmitted color informaf tion comprises color difference signals derived at thev transmitter by additive combination of the original color` difference signals and accordingly referred to different primary colors.

Certain standardized definitions have been developed for the NTSC system; a list of the approved definitions is included in the technical journal Electrical `Engineering for December 1952, pages `1120-1121. Unless otherwise specified, theA terms defined in that list, as employed` 1 throughout this specification and in the appended claims,

'.appled 4to the image reproducer.

difference signal. A demodulating system of Vthis type has several inherent disadvantages; for example, the amplification factors of `the inverter stages employed must be' precisely controlled so that the two inverted color difference signals are combined in the required fixed proportionality. In addition, the entire inverting and combining system must be matched with each of the other two color difference signal channels to provide for precise signal balance between these color` difference signals as Otherwise,` the reproducedimage is overcolored or undercolored with respect to one or more of the primary colors and an unsatisfactory image results. These problems yare accentuated if the above-mentioned modification of the trans-` mission system is adopted and the color information is conveyed by color difference signals which are referred to a different set lof primary colors from those employed at the image analyzing and synthesizing transducers; in this case, each of `the color difference signals utilized in the Vreceiver image reproducer is formed by additively combining the demodulated color difference signals and In the conventional demodulating it is necessary that both of the latter signals be available in normal and inverted polarities.

It is an object of this invention, therefore, to provide a new and improved demodulating system for a color television receiver which permits direct combination of the output signals from the demodulators to form a third color difference signal without requiring phase inversion.

It is another object of the invention to provide a new and improved color demodulating system in which the matrix circuitry is of considera-bly reduced complexity.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a new and improved color demodulating system which inherently provides for a proper color balance in the reproduced image.

It is an additional object of the invention to provide a color demodulating system which permits direct utilization of the demodulated color difference ksignalsby an image reproducer without requiring additional amplification.

It is a corollary object of the invention to provide a new and improved color demodulating system which is relatively simple and expedient to construct and economical to manufacture. J

The demodulating system of the invention is adapted for use in a color television receiver including means responsive to a received color television signal for developing a carrier color signal and a color reference signal. In accordance with the invention, a demodulating system comprises a first electron-discharge device including means comprising a cathode for projecting an electron stream, a pair of output electrodes, and a first control electrode system interposed between the cathode and output electrodes. A second control electrode system having a transconductance of one polarity with respect -to one of the output electrodes and a transconductance of opposite polarity with respect to the other of the output electrodes is incorporated in the device. The demodulating system also comprises a second electron-discharge device including means comprising a cathode for projecting an electron stream, an output electrode, and first and second control electrode systems intermediate the cathode and the output electrode. Means are included in the system for concurrently impressing the carrier color signal on one of the control electrode systems of the first device and on one of the control electrode systems of the second device; further means are employed to concurrently impress the color reference signal in predetermined phase on the other control electrode system of the first device and in predetermined different phase on the other control electrode system of the second device. A first output circuit is coupled to one output electrode of the first device to develop a first color difference signal of predetermined polarity, and a second output circuit is coupled to the output electrode of the second device to develop Va second color difference signal of the same polarity. In addition, a third output circuit is coupled to the other output electrode of the first electron-discharge device to develop an opposite-polarity first color difference signal. i

The features of the present invention which are believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood, however, by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in the several figures of which like reference numerals indicate like elements and in which:

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional color television receiver for use in the NTSC system;

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of a color demodulating system constructed in accordance with the invention;

Figure 3 is a sectional view of an electron-discharge di!` vice incorporated in the system of Figure 2;

Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the color demodulating system of the invention; and

Figure 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of the demodulating system of the invention adapted for use with a modified transmission system.

The conventional color television receiver schematically illustrated in Figure 1 includes an antenna 10 coupled to a radio-frequency amplifier and first detector 11, which is connected to an intermediate-frequency amplifier 12. The output of intermediate-frequency amplifier 12 is coupled to a second detector 13. The output stage of second detector 13 is coupled to a synchronizing-signal separator 14, a band-pass filter 15, and a 10W-pass filter 16. Synchronizing-signal separator 14 is coupled to a'scanning signal generator 17 which, in turn, is connected to two sets of deflection coils 18 and 19 mounted in space quadrature relation on the neck of an image reproducer 20. Low-pass filter 16 is coupled to three cathodes 21, 22 and 23 of image reproducer 20. Three control electrodes 24, 25 and 26 are incorporated in reproducer 20 and are individually associated with cathodes 21, 22 and 23 respectively, each control electrode-cathode combination comprising a portion of an individual electron gun. Image reproducer 20 also includes a luminescent tricolor screen 27 and an apertured mask 28 interposed between screen 27 and the electron guns. A convergence systemfrepresented by coil 29 is interposed between mask 28 and control electrodes 2li-2.6; convergence system 29 is energized from a convergence power source 30.

Band-pass filter 15 is coupled to two demodulators 31 and 32; a color reference generator 33, connected to the output of synchronizing-signal separator 14, is also coupled to the demodulators. Demodulator 31, here designated as the blue demodulator, is connected to a lowpass filter 34 which, in turn, is coupled to control electrode 24 of reproducer 20. In addition, the output of filter 34 is coupled to a phase inverter 35 which is connected to a matrix 36. Similarly, red demodulator 32' is coupled through a low-pass filter 37 to control electrode 26 and to a phase inverter 38 which is also coupled to mixer 36. The output stage of mixer 36 is connected to control electrode 25. Demodulators 31 and 32, filters 34 and 37, inverters 35 and 38, and mixer 36 form the receiver demodulating system 39 enclosed in dash outline.

The general type of color television signal developed andtransmitted in the NTSC system and the structure and operation of the typical color receiver illustrated in Figure 1 are generally well known in the art; accordingly, a detailed description of the operation of lthe receiver is deemed unnecessary. However, a more complete understanding 0f the invention to be described in connection with Figures 2-4 can best be attained by first briefly describing and analyzing the known system. It will be understood that the particular receiver construction shown is adapted for use in a system in which the transmitted color difference signals are referred to the same primary colors as are utilized in analyzing and reproducing the image; this type of system is chosen solely for purposes of simplification and clarification. The color picture signal received at antenna 10 of the receiver of Figure 1 is of the general form inwhich E is the color picture signal, Y is the luminance signal, (R-Y) and (B-Y) are color difference signals, w represents the angular frequency of the color carrier or color carrier reference signal, and K is a constant.

lThe formation of this color picture signal is based on following equation may be taken as generally representative:

This expression may be rewritten in the form: (3) .1 (B-Y)+.3 (R-Y)|.6 (G-Y)=O Equation 3 may in turn be transposed and rewritten as follows:

As indicated by Equation 4, the untransmitted color difference signal, G-Y, may be formed in the receiver by the additive combination of predetermined fractional portions of signals corresponding to the red and blue color difference signals but having opposite polarities.

When the receiver of Figure 1 is placed in operation, a received telecast of the general form indicated in Equation 1 and including synchronizingsignal components is intercepted by antenna and detected and amplified in unit 11. The resulting intermediate-frequency signal is supplied to amplifier 12 and, after amplification, is applied to second detector 13. The composite color signal detected in unit 13 is applied to synchronizing-signal separator 14, which separates the color sync signal or color burst components from lthe composite signal; the color sync signal is utilized in generator 33 to control the phase and frequency of a locally developed color carrier reference signal. The scanning-synchronizing components of the composite signal are segregated in circuit 14 and are employed in generator 17 to control suitable scanning signals applied to defiection coils 18 and 19. At the same time, the color picture signal developed in second detector 13 is applied to low-pass filter 16, which effectively translates only those portions of the color picture signal generally corresponding to luminance signal Y. Band-pass filter 15, on the other hand, effectively translates only those portions of the color picture signal containing chrominance information and generally corresponding to the second expression in Equation 1.

In blue demodulator 31, the carrier color signal supplied from filter is heterodyned with the color reference signal from generator 33 to derive a signal which, after tnanslation through filter 39, corresponds to the color difference signal B-Y. Similarly, the color reference signal is impressed in different phase upon demodulator 32 and is employed therein to demodulate the carrier color signal and develop the second color difference signal R-Y. As indicated by Equation 1, color difference signals R-Y and B--Y are modulated in quadrature phase relation upon the color subcarrier; consequently, in the usual system, color reference generator 33 includes a phase-shifting network comprising two output circuits which provide two output signals displaced from each other by a phase angle of ninety degrees to permit effective demodulation of both color difference signals. The first color difference signal, BY, is inverted in circuit 35 to develop a color difference signal corresponding to B-Y but of opposite polarity; this latter signal may be expressed as Y-B. Correspondingly, the output from inverter 38 may be expressed as Y-R. Selected fractional portions of the two opposite-polarity color difference signals Y-B and Y-R .are additively combined in matrix 36 in accordance with Equation 4 to form the third color difference signal G-Y, which, it should be noted, has the same effective polarity as the two original color diffrence signals R-Y and B-Y.

4l'n the electron gun comprising cathode 21 rand control electrode 24, the luminance signal Y and the color difference signal B-Y are employed to control the intensity of an electron beam 46 which is projected toward screen 27. Similarly, two additional electron beams 41 and 42 are developed by the electron guns comprising cathode 22 and grid 25 and cathode 23 and grid 26. Beams 40--42 are defiected to converge at a common point approxi-1 mately within the plane defined by mask 28, the defec-` tion being effected by convergence system 29 and power source 30. Mask 28 serves to restrict the path of each of the beams so that it can impinge only upon those portions of screen 27 which have a predetermined color nadiation characteristic; in other words, beam 40 excites only blue luminescent areas and beams 41 and 42 excite only the green and red luminescent areas respectively of target electrode 27. The beams are scanned across the face of screen 27 in the usual fashion in response to the scanning signals applied to coils 18 and 19. Many of the elements of the receiver of Figure 1 have been shown in greatly simplified form and others have been omitted entirely; this has been done solely for the purposes of simplification and clarification. It should be understood that the invention is not predicated on the use of any particular type of image reproducer or any specific type or arrangement of receiving circuits; rather, these elements may be replaced by any suitable components capable of performing the requisite functions.

The conventional receiver illustrated in Figure l presents several difficult demodulation system problems, particularly with respect to maintaining ra proper relative amplitude between the color difference signals while at the same time maintaining the necessary predetermined relationship between the color difference signals and the luminance signal. Essentially, phase inverters and 38 are non-linear devices, rand tend to introduce variation in the relative signal levels of the color difference signals. In addition, they also make it more difficult to obtain the necessary fixed relationship between the fractional portions of Y--R and Y-B which are combined in matrix 36. These and other difficulties inherently present in the conventional color demodulating system are effectively minimized in the color demodulfating system 39' shown in Figure 2 and constructed in. accordance with the present invention.

Color demodulating system 39 includes a pair of electron-discharge devices and 41. Device 40 comprises a cathode 42, a first control electrode system consisting of an intensity-control grid 43, an accelerating electrode 44, a second control electrode system comprising a pair of deflection-control electrodes 45, and a pair of output electrodes or anodes 46 and 47. Cathode 42 is connected to a plane of reference potential or ground through a pair of series-connected resistors 48 and 49, and an additional resistor 50 is coupled between control electrode 43 and the junction of resistors 48 and 49. Control electrode 43 is also coupled to a source of color carrier signal, such as band-pass lter 15 of Figure l, through a coupling capacitor 51. Deflectors 45, to which may be applied suitable positive voltage bias or which may be operated at zero bias, depending on the tube construction, are connected to one of the output circuits of color reference generator 33 (Figure 1). Output electrode 46 is coupled to a source of positive operating potential B+ through an output circuit comprising a peaking coil 52 and a load resistor 53; the junction between resistor 53 and coil 52 is connected through a coupling capacitor 54 to control electrode 24 of image reproducer 20, of which only the three cathodes and associated control electrodes are shown in this figure. As in Figure l, cathode 21 is associated with control electrode 24 and is coupled to a source of luminance signal such as low-pass filter 16 of Figure l. A direct-current restoring device or D.. C. inserter is coupled between cathode 21 and control electrode 24. The D. C. inserter comprises a diode 55 of which the cathode is connected to capacitor 54 and the anode is coupled to a source of unidirectional positive operating potential B+; a bias resistor 56 and a potentiometer 57 are included to permit adjustment of the operating potentials of image reproducer 20. A resistor 58 is coupled in parallel with diode 55, and the anode of diode 55 is coupled to cathode 21 through a capacitor 59. The D. C.

inserter comprising diode 55 and circuit elements 56--59 is a familiar part of the television art and'may be replaced by anyV suitable comparable structure. Discharge device 41, which may be identical. in construction to device 40, comprises a cathode 62, a iirst control electrode 63, an accelerating electrode 64, a pair of deection-control electrodes 65, and a pair of anodes or output electrodes 66 and 67. Furthermore, most of the circuit connections to the electrodes of this device are the same as for demodulator tube 40. Cathode 62 is grounded through a pair of series-connected resistors 68 and 69 and a variable resistor 61, and a resistor 70 is coupled between control electrode 63 and the junction of resistors 68 and 69. Adjustable resistor 61 is interposed between resistor 69 and ground to provide a balancing gain adjustment. Control electrode 63 is also coupled to band-pass lter of Figure 1 through a capacitor 71. Deection-control electrodes 65 are suitably biased and connected to that output circuit of color reference generator 33 (Figure 1) which develops a signal displaced ninety degrees in phase from the signal applied to deflectors 45 of tube 40. One of the output electrodes, anode 66, is coupled to control electrode 26 of the image reproducer through a load circuit and D. C. inserter arrangement identical with that employed to coupled anode 46 of device 40 to control electrode 24. Thus, peaking coil 72, load resistor 73, coupling capacitor 74, diode 75, resistors 76 and '78, coupling capacitor .79 and potentiometer 77 are all coupled together in the same manner as their counterparts bearing corresponding reference numerals in the "50 series.

The second output electrode of discharge device 40, anode 47, is also coupled to potential source B+ through an output circuit comprising a resistor 80. In addition,

anode 47 is coupled to source B+ through a series network comprising a resistor 81, a peaking coil 82, and a load resistor 83. Second anode 67 of device 41 is coupled to potential source B+ through an output circuit comprising a resistor 84 which is connected to the junction between resistor 81 and coil 82. Load resistor 83 is coupled to control electrode of the image reproducer through a D. C. inserting circuit essentially identical with that coupling load resistor 53 to control electrode 24 and cathode 21. Thus, for load resistor 83, the directcurrent restorer comprises a capacitor 85, a diode 86, a resistor 87 and a potentiometer 88 as well as a resistor 89 and a coupling capacitor 90. Cathodes 22 and 23, of course, are coupled to low-pass ilter 16 (Figure l) in the same manner as cathode 21. Accelerating electrode 44 of tube 40 is coupled to operating potential source B+ through two resistors 91 and 92, accelerating electrode 64 of device 41 being connected to the junction of the two resistors, and the two accelerating electrodes are preferably coupled to ground by separate bypass condensers.

When demodulating system 39' is placed in operation, a stream of electrons is emitted from cathode 42 of electrondischarge device 4t) and projected toward anodes 46 and 47. The intensity of this stream of electrons is controlled by the potential applied to control electrode 43. After the electron stream passes rst control electrode system 43, it is accelerated by electrode 44 and passes between deflection-control electrodes 45. The operating potentials of the various electrodes are so adjusted that if no signal is applied to deectors 45, the electron beam is equally divided between output electrodes 46 and 47. However, an electrical signal applied to the deflection-control electrodes causes the electron beam to impinge upon one or the other of the anodes and results in the translation through the output circuit coupled to that anode of a signal corresponding to the intensity variations of the electron stream. Preferably, theV amplitude range of the color carrier signal is adjusted to fall within the linear portion of the dynamic control characteristic of electrode 43. Accordingly, the intensity of the electron stream within tube 40 is controlled or modulated Vin accordance with the carrier color signal impressed upon control electrode system 43 from bandpass filter 15. At the same time, the color reference signal is applied in predetermined phase to the deflection-` control system and causes an additional modulation of the beam. The resulting signal appearing on the output circuit coupled to anode 46 corresponds to one of the color dilference signals. For example, when the carrier color signal is applied in predetermined polarity to control electrode 43 and when a color reference signal of the form cos wt is applied, also in preselected polarity, between deflection plates 45, the signal appearing across load resistor 53 corresponds to the color difference signal B-Y, and has a predetermined polarity. This color difference signal is employed in conjunction with the luminance signal Y applied to cathode 21 to control the intensity of the electron beam generated by the gun comprising cathode 21 and control electrode 24 in conventional fashion. signals is controlled by the D. C. restorer.

Similarly, when the carrier color signal is applied to control electrode 63, and a signal corresponding to sin wt is applied to deflection-control electrodes 65, the signal appearing across load resistor 73 represents color difference signal R-Y and has the same polarity as the color differenceV signal B-Y appearing across resistor 53. Color difference signal R--Y and luminance signal Y are applied to control electrode 26 and cathode 23 respectively to control the intensity of the second electron beam developed in image reproducer 20 (Figure 1), and the direct-current level is controlled by the D. C. inserter comprising diode 75.

With beam switching under deflection control, each increase in beam current to one output electrode is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in beam current to the other output electrode. In other Words, control electrode system 45 has a transconductance of one polarity with respect to anode 46 and a transconductance of the opposite polarity with respect to anode 47. As described above, the transconductance of deflection system 45 is of one polarity with respect to anode 46 and results in the development of color diiierence signal B-Y across load resistor 53 coupled to output electrode 46; B--Y is commonly referred to as a positive-polarity color difference signal. Consequently, if device 40 is arranged for balanced output, a corresponding signal but of opposite polarity appears across the load circuit comprising resistors 80, 81 and 83. This opposite-polarity color difference signal may be expressed as Y-B. Similarly, the signal appearing across resistors 84 and 83 corresponds to the second color difference signal R--Y but is of opposite polarity and may be designated Y-R. A portion of this signal also appears across resistors and 81; however, in a practical system this is a negligible portion of the second opposite-polarity color difference signal and may be disregarded as insignificant in the circuit operations. Accordingly, the total signal appearing across load resistor 83 may be made to represent the additive combination of fractional portions of each of the opposite-polarity color difference signals Y-R and Y-B, as compared to color difference signals R-Y and B-Y. The impedance values of resistors S0, 81, and 83 are selected so that these fractional portions have relative values corresponding to those set forth in Equation 4; accordingly, the signal developed across resistor 83 represents a third color difference signal, G-Y, having the same eiective polarity as those appearing across load resistors 53 and 73. .As with the two other color difference signals, the signal G-Y developed at resistor 83 `is utilized, in conjunction with the luminance signal applied to cathode 22, to control the intensity of one of the electron beams of image reproducer 20 (Figure l).

An examination of color demodulating system 39 of Figure 2 reveals that the demodulators employed are con- The direct-current level of the appliedV structed and connected to provide inherentlyv balanced outputs and that proper selection of the electrical parameters of the load circuits permits direct additivecombination of -two of the outputs of the demodulator tubes to form a third color difference signal not directly available in the conventional demodulating system 39 of Figure 1. Consequently, in system 39 there is no requirement for additional phase inverter circuits, and the matrix or combining circuit is considerably simplified. rI`he direct-current levels of the various color difference signals and the luminance signal may be easily adjusted by regulating potentiometers 57, 77 and 88, whereas the relative signal levels of the two demodulators may be effectively controlled by variable resistor 61. It should be noted that the degenerative feedback from each of the demodulator cathodes and the associated rst control electrode system, achieved through the use of unbypassed cathode resistors 49 and 69, 61, provides substantially complete linearity 1n operation.

A demodulating system has been constructed in accordance with the schematic diagram of Figure-2 and has been found to give very satisfactory performance; merely by way of illustration and in no sense by way of limitation, some of the circuit parameters for the demodulators as constructed are as follows:

B+ 370 volts. Resistors 53 and 73 15,000 ohms each. Resistors 48 and 68 240 ohms each. Resistors 49 and 69 270 ohms each. Resistors 5f) and 70 100,000gohrns each. Resistor 80 22,000 ohms. Resistor S1 39,000 ohms. Resistor 84 7,500 ohms. Resistor 83 8,800 ohms.

Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of a deflection type electron-discharge device suitable for use in the demodulator of Figure 2. ln` Figure 3, the electron-discharge device 40. comprises an evacuated envelope 93 in which is mounted a centrally located cathode 42 having a pair of oppositely disposed electron-emissive surfaces. A control grid 43, comprising a closely wound helical coil mounted on a pair of support posts 94, surround cathode 43, and a focusing electrode 95 encloses both the cathode and the control electrode. Accelerating electrode 44 comprises a shield-like structure encompassing focusing electrode` 9S. Focusing electrode 95 is provided with a pair of apertures 96 on opposite sides of cathode 42 in lalignment with a pair of corresponding apertures 97 in accelerating electrode 44. Deflection-control electrode system 45 comprises two pair of conductive electrodes, here shown as simple rods of circular cross-section, each pair being mounted adjacent one of the slots 97 on opposite sides of the tube axis along which the oppositely directed electron beams are projected. The double-sided structure further comprises two pair of output electrodes 46, 47, each pair of output electrodes being positioned to receive electrons from cathode 42 after passage through control electrode 43, with the distribution of electrons between the output electrodes of each pair determined by the instantaneous signal applied to deflection-control electrodes 45. A suppressor electrode 98 encompasses the entire electrode assembly, the suppressor including a pair of extensions 99 extending along the tube axis toward the cathode between the output electrodes of each pair.

The device shown in Figure 3 is of known construction and is merely illustrative of a suitable tube capable of meeting the operational requirements of devices 40 and 41 of Figure 2. The double-sided tube construction described is not in any way essential to the operation of the invention; however, it is desirable in that it furnishes greater beam current than a single-sided tube of the same general dimensions and thus permits coupling the demodulator directly to the image reproducer without requiring intervening amplification stages. By providing separate leads for the two deflection electrode systemsV of tube 40; it is possible to utilize the tube to perform the functions of both of thc demodulator tubes of Figure 2 through independent operation of the two electrode systems; with an arrangement of this type, a somewhat longer electrode system may advantageously be` employed to provide adequate beam current to achieve the required amplification.

Although the preferred embodiment illustrated in Figure 2 employs deflection-control demodulators, the invention is not dependent upon use` of this particular ty-pe of tube. Many of the advantages of the invention may be realized through the use of somewhat more conventional space-charge-control discharge devices, as illustrated in the embodiment shown in Figure 4.

The demodulating system schematically illustrated in Figure 4 comprises a pair of electron-discharge devices and 101, which are generally similar to the type -commonly known as pentagrid converters. However, in tubes 100 and 101 an auxiliary anode is interposed between the rfst screen grid and the second control electrode so that the screen grid may be employed to accelerate the electron stream without materially influencing the total current `and the auxiliary anode collects that portion of the electron stream rejected by the second control electrode. Tube 100 comprises, in order, a cathode 102, a first control electrode `103, a first screen electrode 104g, Ian auxiliary anode 10S, a second control electrode 106, a second screen electrode 104b, ya suppressor electrode 107, and anganode 108. Cathode 102 is connected to ground through a resistor 109, and suppressor 107 is directly connected to cathode 102. As in the embodiment illustrated in Figure 2, the first control electrode is coupled to a source of carrier color signal such as band-pass filter 15 (Figure l), while second control electrode 106 i-s coupled` to one of the two different-phase output circuits of a color reference generator corresponding to generator 33 of Figure l. Anode 108 is coupled to an image reproducer, which may correspond to reproducer 20 of Figure 1, through a load circuit comprising a peaking coil 110 and a resistor 111, the resistor being coupled to a source of positive unidirectional operating potential B+. Demodulator tube 101 is essentially identical with tube 100 and includes a cathode 112 coupled to ground through a resistor 113 and la suppressor electrode 114 connected to cathode 112. The first control electrode 11S of tube 101 yis coupled to band-pass filter 15, and the second control electrode 116 is coupled to the other output circuit of color reference generator 33. Anode 117 o-f tube 101 is coupled to operating potential source B+ through a peaking coil 118 and a load resistor 119 and is also coupled to image reproducer 20.

The two screen grids 104s, 104b of demodulator tube 100 are connected to each other and are connected to potential source B+ through a voltage divider and are bypassed to ground. Auxiliary anode 105 is coupled to source B+ through a resistor 120 and an additional parallel network connects anode 105 to B+ through a resistor 121, a peaking coil 122 and a load resistor 123. Load resistor 123 and coil 122 also couple the auxiliary anode 125 of second demodulator 101 to B+, an additional series resistor 126 being included in the cir-cuit. Load resistor 123 is also coupled to image reproducer 20. The screen grids 124a and 124b of device `101 are connected together and are connected to source B+ through a voltage divider and bypassed to ground.

When the demodulating system of Figure 4 is placed in operation and operating potentials are applied to the various electrode systems of the two demodula-tor tubes,`

each of the tubes develops an electron stream directed from cathode-to anode. In tube 100 the intensity of the electron stream is controlled by the carrier color signal applied to first control electrode 103, which is operated within the linear portion of its dynamic control characteristic.` As the electron stream progressesthrough the tube,

it approaches second control electrode 106, and, if the signal applied to electrode 106 is of appropriate polarity, continues to impinge upon anode 108 and energizes the load circuit comprising peaking coil 110 and load resistor 111. On the other hand, if the color reference signal applied to control electrode 106 at a given operating instant is of opposite polarity, the electron stream is reflected and is collected by auxiliary anode 105 and energizes the load circuit comprising resistors 120, 121 and 123 and coil 122. In other words, instantaneous space current increments of one polarity to anode 1023 are accompanied by equivalent increments of opposite polarity to auxiliary anode 105, and control electrode 106 has a positive transconductance with respect to anode 108 and a negative transconductance with respect to anode 105. Control electrode 106 is overdriven to provide step function type operation fully analogous to that achieved through the use of decction control in conjunction with adjacent output electrodes Yas in the embodiment of Figure 2. The same analysis may be applied to second demodulator tube 101, second control electrode 116 having a positive transconductance with respect to lirst output electrode 117 and a negative transconductance with respect to the second output electrode comprising auxiliary anode 125. Consequently, the demodulating system functions in a manner analogous to that of the system described in connection with Figure 2 and develops four yseparate output signals. Proper selection of the operating -potentials and phase characteristics of the applied signals results in the development of a first color difference signal B-Y across load resistor 111 and a second color difference signal R-Y across load resistor 119. Two oppositepolarity color difference signals Y-B and Y-R are developed in the output circuits connected to the auxiliary anodes of demodulator tubes 100 and 101 respectively and are additively combined in load resistor 123. The resistance values for the various load resistors are selected so that the combined signal appearing across load resistor 123 corresponds to the third normal polarity color diiference signal G-Y, as determined by Equation 4. The color difference signals may be supplied directly to the image reproducer, as in the embodiment of Figure 2, or may be otherwise suitably utilized to control the reproduced image.

The circuit illustrated in Figure 5 is a modication of the demodulating system of Figures 2 and 4 adapted for use in a color television system in which the color information is transmitted in the form of color diiference signals based upon different primary colors from those used to analyze or synthesize the image. For this system, the color picture signal is of the form:

(5) E=Y+K [Q sin wt-l-I cos wt] which is essentially the same as Equation 1 except for the color difference signals employed. In Equation 5, Q represents a color difference signal formed at the transmitter by the additive combination of R-Y and B-Y in accordance with a predetermined ratio, whereas I is a color dilference signal developed by combining R-Y and G--Y, again in accordance with a fixed ratio. rlhe combining ratios for forming the two synthesized color difference signals I and Q are selected so that the same essential color information is transmitted but is effectively shifted with respect to the primary colors red, blue, and green.

The input circuits for demodulators 40 and 41 of the modified circuit of Figure 5 may be identical with those illustrated in Figure 2; accordingly, only the output electrodes comprising anodes 46 and 47 of tube 40 and anodes 66 and 67 of tube 41 are shown. Output electrode 46 is connected to a unidirectional potential source B-l through an output circuit comprising two parallel-connected networks; the first of these networks include two series-connected resistors 130 and 131, whereas the second network comprises resistors 132 and 133 connected in series. Output electrode 47 is coupled to potential source B-lthrough an output circuit comprising a resistor 134 which is connected in parallel with two series-connected resistors 135 and 136. rI`he output circuit for anode 66 of tube 41 is essentially similar to that coupled to output electrode 46 and includes a resistor 137 connected to unidirectional potential source B-lin series with resistor 136; the other branch of the output circuit for anode 66 comprises a resistor 138 connected in series with resistor 131. The output circuit for anode 67 is essentially similar to that for output electrode 47 and comprises a resistor 139 connected to B-land a parallel network comprising resistor 140 connected in series with resistor 133.

When the modied demodulating circuit of Figure 5 is placed in operation, the signal developed by the output circuit connected to electrode 46 corresponds to color diiference signal Q and has a predetermined polarity. This signal, conveniently referred to as the -l-Q color difference signal, appears across load resistors 131 and 133, and, in attenuated form, across load resistor 136. The signal developed by the output circuit coupled to anode 47, on the other hand, is essentially identical with that developed by the output circuit for electrode 46 but is of opposite polarities; this latter color difference signal, nominally referred to as the -Q signal, is developed across resistor 136, and, with considerably reduced amplitude, across resistors 131 and 133. Similarly, the output circuit connected to anode 66 of tube 41 develops a color difference signal corresponding to the synthesized signal I and of predetermined polarity; this latter signal referred to as the -I color difference signal, appears across load resistors 131 and 136. The output circuit for anode 67 is employed to develop an opposite-polarity color diference signal, designated +I, which appears at load resistor 133. Of course, the I signal is developed in attenuated form at resistor 133 and the +I signal appears with reduced amplitude across resistors 131 and 136. Consequently, the total signal appearing across load resistor 131 effectively represents a combination of the +Q and -I color difference signals; the ratio of the applied signals is determined by the impedance values of the resistors employed in the output circuits so that the total signal across resistor 131 corresponds to color difference signal B-Y. Similarly, the signal appearing across load resistor 136 represents the additive combination of the -Q and I color diiference signals in predetermined ratio and corresponds to color diiference signal G-Y, whereas the signal appearing across load resistor 133 is a combination of the -I-Q and -l-I signals and represents color diiference signal R-Y. The modified circuit of Figure 5 thus provides four separate color difference signal outputs which are additively combined in predetermined combinations and ratios to develop three other color difference signals. The output circuits and combining means are all simple bidirectional impedance networks, preferably resistance networks.

The embodiments of the invention illustrated in Figures 2, 4, and 5 each provide for four individual output signals, namely, two color difference signals of predetermined polarity and two corresponding color difference signals of opposite polarity. In the first two systems illustrated, two of these output signals are directly applied to the image reproducer and two are additively combined to develop a third color difference signal of the same predetermined polarity which is also impressed upon the reproducer. ln the modied circuit of Figure 5, the four output signals are combined in predetermined proportions to develop additional color difference signals of common polarity, referred to a different set of primary colors, by the use of simple linear bidirectional impedance networks. The signals developed by the demodulating systems of the invention provide improved balance in the color content of the reproduced image and do not require additional amplilcation prior to utilization in the reproducer, although 13 further amplification may be utilized if desired. A substantial economy in constructing the demodulating system is achieved by the elimination of auxiliary phase inverters and amplifiers.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it is apparent that various changes and modifications may he made, and it is therefore contemplated in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

We claim:

l. A demodulating system for a color television receiver including means responsive to a received color television signal for developing a carrier color signal and a color reference signal, said demodulating system comprising: a first electron-discharge device including means comprising a cathode for projecting an electron stream, a pair of output electrodes, a first control electrode system intermediate said cathode and said output electrodes, and a second control electrode system having a transconductance of one polarity with respect to one of said output electrodes and a transconductance of Opposite polarity with respect to the other of said output electrodes; a second electron-discharge device including means comprising a cathode for projecting an electron stream, an output electrode, and first and second control electrode systems intermediate said cathode and said output electrode; means for concurrently impressing said carrier color signal on one of said control electrode systems of said first device and on one of said control electrode systems of said second device; means for concurrently impressing said color reference signal in predetermined phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said first device and in predetermined different phase on the other of said control electrode lsystems of said second device; a first output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said first device for developing a first color difference signal of predetermined polarity; a second output circuit coupled to said output electrode of said second device for developing a second color dierence signal of said predetermined polarity; and a third output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said first device for developing an ounosite-polarity first color difference signal.

2. A demodulating system for a color television receiver including means responsive to a received color television signal for developing a carrier color signal and la color reference signal, said demodulating system comprising: first and second electron-discharge devices each including means comprising a cathode for projecting an electron stream, a pair of output electrodes, a first control electrode system intermediate said cathode and said output electrodes, and a second control electrode system having a transconductance `of one polarity with respect to one of said output electrodes and a transconductance of opposite polarity with respect to the other of `said output electrodes; means for concurrently impressing said carrier color signal on one of said control electrode systems of said first device and on one of said control elec frode systems of said second device; means for concurrently impressing said color reference signal in predetermined phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said first device and in predetermined different phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said second device; a first output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said first device for developing a first color difference signal of predetermined polarity; a second output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said second device for developing a second color difference signal of said predetermined polarity; a third output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said first device for developing an opposite-polarity first color difference signal; a fourth output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said second device for developing an opposite-polarity second color difference signal; and means for combining said opposite polarity first and second color difference signals to develop a third color difference signal of said predetermined polarity.

3. A demodulating system for a color television receiver including means responsive to a received color television signal for developing a carrier color signal and a color reference signal, said demodulating system comprising: first and second electron-discharge devices each including means comprising a cathode for projecting an electron stream, a pair of output electrodes, an intensity-control electrode system intermediate said cathode and said output electrodes, and a deflection-control electrode system having a transconductance of one polarity with respect to one of said output electrodes and a transconductance of opposite polarity with respect to the other of said output electrodes; means for concurrently impressing said carrier color signal on each of said of said intensity-control electrode systems of said electron-discharge devices; means for concurrently impressing said color reference signal in predetermined phase on said defiection-control electrode system of said first device and in predetermined different phase on said deflection-control electrode system of said second de vice; a first output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said first device for developing a first color difference signal of predetermined polarity; a second output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said second device for developing a second color difference signal of said predetermined polarity; a third output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said first device for developing an opposite-poiarity rst color difference signal; a fourth output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said second device for developing an opposite-polaritysecond `cio-lor difference signal; and means for combining said opposite-polarity first and second color difference signals to develop a third color difference signal of said predetermined polarity.

4. A demodulating system for a color television receiver including means responsive to a received color television signal for developing a carrier color signal and a color reference signal, said demodu'lating system comprising; first and second electron-discharge devices each including means comprising a cathode for projecting an electron stream, a pair of output electrodes, a first control electrode system intermediate said cathode and said output electrodes, and a second control electrode systern having a transconductance of one polarity with respect to one of said output electrodes and a transoonductance of opposite polarity with respect to the other of said output electrodes; means for concurrently impressing said carrier color signal on one of said control electrode systems of said first device and on one of said control electrode systems of said second device; means for concurrently impressing said color reference signal in predetermined'phase on the other lof said control electrode systems of said first device and in predetermined different phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said second device; a first output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said first device for developing a first color difference signal of predetermined polarity; a second output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said second device for developing a second color difference signal of said predetermined polarity; a third output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said first device for developing yan opposite-polarity first color difference signal; a fourth output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said second device for developing an opposite polarity second color difference signal; and a network for combining predetermined fractionai portions of said opposite-polarity first and second color difference signals in accordance with a predetermined fiXed ratio to develop a third color difference signal of said predetermined polarity.

5. A demodulating system for a color television receiver including means responsive to a received color television signal for developing a carrier color signal and a color reference signal, said demodulating system comprising: first and second electron-discharge `devices each including means comprising a cathode for projecting an electron stream, a pair of balanced output electrodes, a rst control electrode system intermediate said cathode and said output electrodes, and a second control electrode system having a transconductance of one polarity with respect to one of said output electrodes and a transconductance of opposite polarity with respect to the other of said output electrodes; means for concurrently impressing said carrier color signal on one of said control electrode systems of said first device and on one of said control electrode systems of said second device; means for concurrently impressing said color reference signal in predetermined phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said first device and in predetermined different phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said second device; a first output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said first device for developing a first color difference signal of predetermined polarity; a second output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said second device for developing a second color difference signal of said predetermined polarity; and an additional output circuit, coupled to said other output electrode of said first device and to said other output electrode of said second device, for developing a third color difference signal of said predetermined polarity.

6. A demodulating system for a color television receiver includingmeans responsive to a received color television signal for developing a carrier color signal and a color reference signal, said demodulating system cornprising: first and second electron-discharge devices each including means comprising a cathode for projecting ,an electron stream, a pair of output electrodes, a first control electrode system intermediate said cathode and said output electrodes, and a second control electrode system having a transconductance of one polarity with respect to one of said output electrodes and a transconductance of opposite polarity with respect to the other of said output electrodes; means for concurrently impressing said carrier color signal on one of said control electrode systems of said first device and on one of said control electrode systems of said second device; means for concurrently impressing said color reference signal in predetermined phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said first device and in predetermined different phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said second device; a first output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said first device for developing a first color difference signal of predetermined polarity; a second output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said second device for developing a second color difference signal of said predetermined polarity; a third output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said first device for developing an opposite-polarity first color difference signal; a fourth output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said second device for developing an opposite-polarity second color difference signal; and at least one bidirectional impedance network for additively combining two of said color difference signals to develop another color difference signal.

7. A demodulating system for a color television receiver including means responsive to a received color television signal for developing a carrier color signal and a color reference signal, said demodulating system comprising: first and second electron-discharge devices each including means comprising a cathode for projecting an electron stream, a pair of output electrodes, a first control electrode system intermediate said cathode and said output electrodes, and a second control electrode system having a transconductance of one polarity with respect to one of said output electrodes and a transconductance of opposite polarity with respect to the other of said output electrodes; means for concurrently impressing said carrier color signal on one of said control electrode systerns of said first device and on one of said control electrode systems of said second device; means for concurrently impressing said color reference signal in predetermined phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said first device and in predetermined different phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said second device; a first output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said first device for developing a first color difference signal of predetermined polarity; a second output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said second device for developing a second color difference signal of said predetermined polarity; a third output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said first device for developing an oppositepolarity first color difference signal; a fourth output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said second device for developing an opposite-polarity second color difference signal; and a load impedance common to two of said output circuits for combining two of said color difference signals to develop another color difference signal.

8. A demodulating system for a color television receiver including means responsive to a received color television signal for developing a carrier color signal and a color reference signal, said demodulating system comprising: first and second electron-discharge devices each including means comprising a cathode for projecting an electron stream, a pair of output electrodes, a first control electrode system intermediate said cathode and said output electrodes, and a second control electrode system having a transconductance of one polarity with respect to one of said output electrodes and a transconductance of opposite polarity with respect to the other of said output electrodes; means for concurrently impressing said carrier color signal on one of said control electrode systems of said first device and on one of said control electrode systems of said second device; means for concurrently impressing said color reference signal in predetermined phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said first device and in predetermined different phase on the other of said control electrode systems of said sec-- ond device; a first output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said first device for developing a first color difference Signal of predetermined polarity; a second output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said second device for developing a second color difference signal of said predetermined polarity; a third output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said first device for developing an oppositepolarity first color difference signal; a fourth output circuit coupled to said other output electrode of said second device for developing an opposite-polarity second color difference signal; a first load impedance, common to said first and second output circuits, for combining said first and second color difference signals to develop a third color difference signal; a second load impedance, common to said third and fourth output circuits, for combining said rst and second opposite-polarity color difference signals to develop a fourth color difference signal of the same polarity as said third color difference signal; and a third load impedance, common to said first and fourth output circuits, for combining said first color difference signal and said second opposite-polarity color difference signal to develop a fifth color difference signal of the same polarity as said third and fourth color difference signals.

9. A demodulating system for a color television receiver including means responsive to a received color tele vision signal for developing a carrier color signal and a color reference signal, said demodulating 'system comprising: rst and second electron-discharge devices each including first electrode means, compri-sing a pair of output electrodes, for establishing a space discharge and second electrode means comprising a control electrode system having a transconductance of one polarity with respect to one of said output electrodes and a transconductance ol. opposite-polarity with respect to the other of said output electrodes; means for concurrently impressing said carrie-r color signal upon one of said electrode means of said lirst device and upon the correspond- 6 ing electrode means of said second device; means for concurrently impressing said color reference signal in predetermined phase upon said control electrode system of said first device and in predetermined different phase upon said control electrode system of said second device; a first output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said rst device for developing a first color difference signal of predetermined polarity; a secon-d output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said second device for developing a second color difference signal of said predetermined polarity; and a third output circuit coupled to said other output electrode yof said first device for developing an opposite-polarity first color difference signal.

10. A demodulating Vsystem for a color television receiver including means responsive to a received color television signal for developing a carrier color signal and a color reference signal, said demodulating system comprising: iirst and second electron-discharge devices each including iirst electrode means, comprising a pair of out- 2 put electrodes, for establishing a space discharge and second electrode means comprising a control electrode system having a transconductance of one polarity with respect to one of said output electrodes and a transconductance of opposite-polarity with respect to the other of said output electrodes; means for concurrently impressing said carrier color signal upon one of said electrode means of said first device and upon the corresponding electrode means of said second device; means for concurrently impressing said color reference signal in predetermined phase upon said control electrode system of said first device and in predetermined different phase upon said control electrode system of said second device; a first output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said iirst device for developing a iirst color dierence signal oi predetermined polarity; a second output circuit coupled to said one output electrode of said second device for developing a second color difference signal of said predetermined polarity; and an additional output circuit, coupled to said other output electrode of said iirst device and to said other output electrode of said second device, for developing a third color ydifference signal of said predetermined polarity.

References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 

